Wars

Waging war has been the main occupation of man since the first recorded civilizations.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, “war” is defined as

• A state of armed conflict between different countries or different groups within a country.
• A state of competition or hostility between different people or groups.
• A sustained campaign against an undesirable situation or activity.

The deadliest war in history, in terms of the cumulative number of deaths since its start, is World War II, from 1939 to 1945, followed by the Mongol conquests at up to 50 million. Three of the ten most costly wars, in terms of loss of life, have been waged in the last century. These are the two World Wars, followed by the Second Sino-Japanese War (which is sometimes considered part of World War II, or as overlapping). Most of the others involved China or neighboring peoples.

World War II cost the most human life, fatalities numbering 56.4 million including civilians. Poland lost 6 million (17% of their population). Four out of five Russian men born in 1923 were killed in World War II.

August 6, 1945 the US dropped and atomic bomb on Hiroshima killing over 130,000. Another 25,200 died from radiation within the next year. Approximately 83,000 people were killed in Tokyo, Japan on March 10, 1945.

The Battle of Somme, France claimed 1.22 million casualties (dead and wounded). The highest death toll of 1.1 million in the Battle of Stalingrad. Of this total, only 1,515 civilians of an original 500,000 survived.

As far as civil wars are concerned, the Taiping Rebellion that occurred between 1851 and 1864 against the Qing dynasty in China was responsible for 20 million deaths.

Killers and fanatics are more modest contributors. An Indian Thug named Behram strangled at least 931 victims in the Oudh district from 1790 to 1840. Possibly as many as 2 million Indians were strangled by the Thuggee cult between 1550 and 1853.

Why Do Wars Happen?

Wars have been a part of human history for thousands of years, and have become increasingly destructive as industrialization and technology have advanced.

There is rarely one single, clear cause of conflict and, ultimately, war. The causes of a war are usually numerous and can often be intertwined in a complicated way.

Many theories have been put forth over the years as to why wars happen, and some of the greatest minds have offered their take on the subject.

Eight Main Causes of War

1. Economic Gain
2. Territorial Gain
3. Religion
4. Nationalism
5. Revenge
6. Civil War
7. Revolutionary War
8. Defensive War

According to Carl von Clausewitz, war is nothing but a duel on an extensive scale…’ an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfill our will,’ directed by political motives and morality. (Clausewitz 1940: Book I, Ch. I).

Clausewitz acknowledged the link between war and politics, ‘War is nothing more than the continuation of politics by other means… For political aims are the end and war is the means, and the means can never be conceived without the end.’ The greater the motives for war, the more the existence of the entire nation is concerned, and the more violent the tension will be which precedes the war.

War is neither a scientific game nor an international sport; it is an act of violence, characterized by destruction. According to Clausewitz, war is always limited by ‘friction’ – uncertainty, chance, and inevitable logistical or organizational misfortunes. Also mentioned is the notion of ‘rational calculus,’ that states intrinsically use violence to achieve a desired end. The less controlled the use of violence is by one side, the lengthier the war.

More on Clausewitz

List of major wars

Ancient wars (Before 500 AD)

War	Death range	Date	Combatants	Location
Conquests of Cyrus the Great	100,000+	549 BC–530 BC	Persian Empire vs. various states	Middle East
Greco–Persian Wars	300,000+	499 BC–449 BC	Greek City-States vs. Persian Empire	Greece
Samnite Wars	33,500+	343 BC–290 BC	Roman Republic vs. Samnites	Italy
Wars of Alexander the Great	142,000+	336 BC–323 BC	Macedonian Empire and other Greek City-States vs. various states	Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia / India
Punic Wars	1,250,000–1,850,000	264 BC–146 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Western Europe / North Africa
First Punic War	400,000+	264 BC–241 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Southern Europe / North Africa
Second Punic War	770,000+	218 BC–201 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Western Europe / North Africa
Third Punic War	150,000–250,000	149 BC–146 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Tunisia
Kalinga War	150,000–200,000	262 BC–261 BC	Maurya Empire vs. State of Kalinga	India
Qin’s Wars of Unification	700,000+	230 BC–221 BC	Qin state vs. Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu, Qi States	China
Cimbrian War	410,000–650,000	113 BC–101 BC	Roman Republic vs. Cimbri and Teutones	Western Europe
Gallic Wars	1,000,000+	58 BC–50 BC	Roman Republic vs. Gallic tribes	France
Iceni Revolt	150,000+	60–61	Roman Empire vs. Celtic tribes	England
Jewish–Roman Wars	1,270,000–2,000,000	66–136	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Middle East/North Africa
First Jewish–Roman War	250,000–1,100,000	66–73	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Middle East
Kitos War	440,000+	115–117	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Southern Europe / North Africa
Bar Kokhba Revolt	580,000	132–136	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Middle East
Gothic War (269)	320,000+	269	Roman Empire vs. Goths	Europe
Probus’s German War	400,000+	277	Roman Empire vs. Germans	Europe
Gothic War (376–382)	40,000+	376–382	Roman Empire vs. Goths	Eastern Europe
Three Kingdoms War	36,000,000–40,000,000	184–280	Wei vs. Shu vs. Wu	China
Yellow Turban Rebellion	3,000,000–7,000,000	184–205	Peasants vs. Eastern Han China	China
Wars of the Sixteen Kingdoms	150,000+	304–439	Northern Chinese States	Northern China
Hunnic Reclaims	165,000+	395–453	Roman Empire vs. Hunnic Empire	Europe

Medieval wars (500–1500 AD)

War	Death range	Date	Combatants	Location
Arab–Byzantine Wars	2,000,000+	629–1050	Byzantine Empire and allies vs. Islamic Empire and Allies	Middle East / North Africa / Southern Europe
Reconquista	7,000,000-10,000,000	711–1492	Spanish and Portuguese states vs. Muslim states	Iberian Peninsula
Goguryeo–Sui War	300,000+	598–614	Sui Dynasty China and Goguryeo Kingdom	China, Korea
An Lushan Rebellion	13,000,000–36,000,000	755–763	Tang Dynasty China and Islamic Empire vs. Yan state	China
Goryeo–Khitan Wars	90,000+	993–1019	Liao Empire vs. Goryeo Kingdom	Korea
Song–Đại Việt war	600,000+	1075–1077	Song Empire vs. Dai Viet Kingdom under Lý dynasty	China, Vietnam
Crusades	1,000,000–3,000,000	1095–1291	Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuq Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims.	Europe / Middle East (“Holy Land”)
Albigensian Crusade	200,000–1,000,000	1208–1229	Papal States and France vs. Cathartic States	France
Mongol invasions and conquests	30,000,000–40,000,000	1206–1368	Mongol Empire vs. Several Eurasian states	Eurasia
Wars of Scottish Independence	60,000–150,000	1296–1357	Scotland vs. England	Scotland / England
Hundred Years’ War	2,300,000–3,300,000	1337–1453	House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet	Western Europe
Conquests of Timur	8,000,000–20,000,000	1370–1405	Timurid Empire vs. several middle eastern states	Eurasia
Wars of the Roses	35,000–105,000	1455–1487	House of Lancaster, House of Tudor, and allies vs. House of York and allies	England / Wales

Pre modern (1500 AD–2000) wars with greater than 25,000 deaths

War	Death range	Date	Combatants	Location
Italian Wars	300,000–400,000	1494–1559	Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and some Italian States vs. France, Ottoman Empire, and some Italian states	Southern Europe
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire	2,300,000+	1519–1632	Spanish Colonial Empire vs. Aztec Empire	Mexico
Spanish conquest of Yucatán	1,460,000+	1519–1595	Spanish Colonial Empire vs. Mayan States	North America
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire	8,400,000+	1533–1572	Spanish Colonial Empire vs. Inca Empire	Peru
Campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent	200,000+	1521–1566	Ottoman Empire vs. several Balkan, African, and Arabian States	Eastern Europe / Middle East / North Africa
German Peasants’ War	100,000+	1524–1525	German Peasants vs. Swabian League	Germany
French Wars of Religion	2,000,000–4,000,000	1562–1598	Protestants vs. France vs. Catholics	France
Eighty Years’ War	600,000–700,000	1568–1648	Dutch Republic, England, Scotland, and France vs. Spanish Empire	Worldwide
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)	138,285+	1585–1604	Spanish Empire and allies vs. Kingdom of England and allies	Europe / Americas
Japanese invasions of Korea	1,000,000+	1592–1598	Kingdom of Great Joseon and Ming China vs. Japan	Korea
Nine Years’ War (Ireland)	130,000+	1593–1603	Irish rebels vs Kingdom of England	Ireland
Transition from Ming to Qing	25,000,000+	1616–1683	Qing China vs. Ming China vs. Shun dynasty China (Li Zicheng) vs. Xi dynasty China (Zhang Xianzhong vs. Kingdom of Shu (She-An Rebellion) vs. Evenk-Daur federation (Bombogor)	China
Thirty Years’ War	4,000,000–12,000,000	1618–1648	Pro-Habsburg states vs. Anti-Habsburg states	Europe
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)	200,000+	1635–1659	France and Allies vs. Spain and Allies	Western Europe
Wars of the Three Kingdoms	876,000+	1639–1651	Royalists vs. Covenanters vs.Union of the Irish vs. Scottish Protestants vs. Parliamentarians	British Isles
English Civil War	211,830+	1642–1651	Royalists vs. Parliamentarians	England, Scotland, and Ireland
Deluge	3,000,000	1655–1660	Primarily Poland vs. Sweden and Russia	Poland
Mughal–Maratha Wars	5,000,000+	1658–1707	Maratha empire vs. Mughal Empire	India-Bangladesh
Franco-Dutch War	342,000	1672–1678	France and allies vs. Dutch Republic and allies	Western Europe
Great Turkish War	380,000+	1683–1699	Ottoman Empire vs. European Holy League	Eastern Europe
Nine Years’ War	680,000+	1688–1697	France vs. League of Augsburg (Dutch, Habsburgs, England, Scotland, Spain and others)	Global (mainly Europe)
Great Northern War	350,000+	1700–1721	Russia and allies vs. Swedish Empire	Eastern Europe
War of the Spanish Succession	400,000–1,250,000	1701–1714	Grand Alliance vs. Bourbon Alliance	Europe / Americas
Maratha expeditions in Bengal	400,000+	1741–1751	Maratha Empire vs. Nawab of Bengal	India, Bangladesh
Seven Years’ War	868,000–1,400,000	1756–1763	Great Britain and allies vs. France and Allies	Worldwide
Sino-Burmese War	70,000+	1765–1769	Burma vs. Qing China	Southeast Asia
Tây Sơn rebellion	1,200,000–2,000,000+	1771–1802	Tây Sơn rebels then dynasty (British supports) and Chinese pirates vs Nguyễn lords, Trịnh lords, Lê dynasty of Vietnam; Siam; Qing dynasty of China; Kingdom of Vientiane; French army.	Southeast Asia
American Revolutionary War	70,000-116,000	1775–1783	United States and allies vs. British Empire and German Mercenaries	Worldwide
White Lotus Rebellion	100,000+	1794–1804	Qing China vs. White Lotus rebels	China
French campaign in Egypt and Syria	65,000+	1798–1801	France vs. Ottoman Empire and Great Britain	Middle East / North Africa
Saint-Domingue expedition	135,000+	1802–1803	France vs. Haiti and UK	Haiti
Napoleonic Wars	3,500,000–7,000,000	1803–1815	Coalition powers vs. French empire and allies	Worldwide
French invasion of Russia	540,000+	1812	French Empire vs. Russia	Russia
Spanish American wars of independence	600,000+	1808–1833	Spain and Portugal vs. American Independentists	Americas
Venezuelan War of Independence	228,000+	1810–1823	Spain vs. Venezuelan states	Venezuela
Mfecane	1,000,000–2,000,000	1810s–1840s	Ethnic communities in southern Africa	Modern day South Africa
Carlist Wars	200,000+	1820–1876	Carlist Insurgents vs. Spain	Spain
Greek War of Independence	170,000+	1821–1831	Greek Revolutionaries vs. Ottoman Empire	Greece
French conquest of Algeria	480,000–1,000,000	1830–1903	France vs. Algerian resistance	Algeria
Taiping Rebellion	20,000,000–70,000,000	1850–1864	Qing China vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	China
Crimean War	356,000–615,000	1853–1856	Ottoman Empire and allies vs. Russia	Crimean Peninsula
Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)	1,000,000+	1854–1856	Qing China vs. Red Turban rebels	China
Miao Rebellion	4,500,000	1854–1873	Qing China vs. Miao	China
Punti–Hakka Clan Wars	500,000–1,000,000+	1855-1868	Hakka vs. Punti	China
Panthay Rebellion	890,000–1,000,000	1856–1873	Qing China vs. Hui	China
Indian Rebellion of 1857	800,000–1,000,000	1857–1858	Sepoy Mutineers vs. British East India Company	India
American Civil War	650,000–1,000,000	1861–1865	Union States vs. Confederate States	USA
Dungan Revolt	8,000,000–20,000,000	1862–1877	Qing China vs. Hui vs. Kashgaria	China
French intervention in Mexico	49,287+	1862–1867	Mexican Republicans vs. France and Mexican Empire	Mexico
Paraguayan War	300,000–1,200,000	1864–1870	Triple alliance vs. Paraguay	South America
Austro-Prussian War	40,000+	1866	Austrian states vs. German states	Central Europe
Ten Years’ War	241,000+	1868–1878	Spain vs. Cuba	Cuba
Franco-Prussian War	433,571+	1870–1871	France vs. German states	France and Prussia
Conquest of the Desert	30,000–35,000	1870s–1884	Argentina vs. Mapuche people	Patagonia
Aceh War	97,000–107,000	1873–1914	Kingdom of the Netherlands vs. Aceh Sultanate	Indonesia
First Sino–Japanese War	48,311+	1894–1895	Qing China vs. Japan	East Asia
Cuban War of Independence	362,000+	1895–1898	USA and Cuba vs. Spain	Cuba
War of Canudos	30,000+	1896-1897	First Brazilian Republic vs. Canudos inhabitants	Brazil
Thousand Days’ War	120,000+	1899–1902	Colombian Conservatives vs. Colombian Liberals	Colombia
Boxer Rebellion	100,000	1899–1901	Boxers vs. Foreign powers	China
South African War (Second Boer War)	73,000–90,000	1899-1902	United Kingdom and allies vs. South African Republic and Orange Free State	South Africa
Philippine–American War	234,000+	1899–1912	Philippines vs. USA	Philippines
Russo-Japanese War	101,300–206,100	1904–1905	Russia vs. Japan	Northeast Asia
Mexican Revolution	500,000–2,000,000	1910–1920	In reality, a full blown Civil War with multiple sides	Mexico
1911 Revolution	220,000	1911	Qing China vs. Revolutionaries	China
Balkan Wars	140,000+	1912–1913	Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire	Balkan Peninsula
World War I	16,000,000–40,000,000+ (the higher estimate also includes the first victims of the related Spanish flu epidemic who died by the end of 1918. Neither includes the subsequent Russian Civil War)	1914–1918	Allied Powers vs. Central Powers	Worldwide
Russian Civil War	5,000,000–9,000,000	1917–1922	Red army and allies vs. White army and allies	Russia
Kurdish separatism in Iran	15,000–58,000	1918–present	Qajar dynasty vs. Shekak (tribe)	Iran
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict	138,800–320,100	1918–2003	Kurdistan/Iraqi Kurdistan and allies vs. Iraq and allies	Iraq
Rif War	30,500+	1921–1926	Spain vs. Republic of the Rif	Morocco
Kurdish–Turkish conflict	100,000+	1921–present	Turkey vs. Kurdish people	Middle East
Second Italo-Senussi War	40,000+	1923–1932	Italy vs. Senussi Order	Libya
Chinese Civil War	8,000,000–11,692,000	1927–1949	ROC vs. PRC	China
Chaco War	85,000–130,000	1932–1935	Bolivia vs. Paraguay	Gran Chaco
Second Italo–Ethiopian War	278,000+	1935–1936	Ethiopian Empire vs. Italy	Ethiopia
Spanish Civil War	500,000–1,000,000	1936–1939	Nationalists vs. Republicans	Spain
Second Sino-Japanese War	20,000,000–25,000,000	1937–1945	Republic of China and allies vs. Japan	China
World War II	85,000,000	1939–1945	Allied powers vs. Axis Powers	Worldwide
Winter War	153,736–194,837	1939–1940	Finland vs. Soviet Union	Finland
Greco-Italian War	27,000+	1940–1941	Greece vs. Italy	Southeast Europe
Continuation War	387,300+	1941–1944	Finland and Germany vs. Soviet Union	Northern Europe
Soviet–Japanese War	33,420–95,768	1945	Soviet Union and Mongolia vs. Japan	Manchuria
First Indochina War	400,000+	1946–1954	France vs. Việt Minh, Lao Assara, and Khmer Issarak	Southeast Asia
Partition of India	200,000–2,000,000	1946–1948	India and Pakistan	South Asia
Greek Civil War	158,000+	1946–1949	Greek Government army vs. DSE	Greece
Malagasy Uprising	11,342–89,000	1947–1948	France vs. Malagasy Insurgents	Madagascar
Kashmir conflict	80,000–110,000	1947–present	India vs. Pakistan	North India / Pakistan
La Violencia	192,700–194,700	1948–1958	Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party	Colombia
Internal conflict in Myanmar	130,000–250,000	1948–present	Myanmar vs. Burmese Insurgent Groups	Myanmar
Arab–Israeli conflict	116,074+	1948–present	Arab Countries vs. Israel	Middle East
Annexation of Hyderabad	29,000–242,000	1948	Dominion of India vs. Hyderabad	India
Korean War	1,500,000–4,500,000	1950–1953	South Korea and allies vs. North Korea and allies	Korea
Algerian War	400,000–1,500,000	1954–1962	Algeria vs. France	Algeria
Ethnic conflict in Nagaland	34,000+	1954–present	India and Myanmar vs. Naga People	Northeast India
Vietnam War	1,300,000–4,300,000	1955–1975	South Vietnam and allies vs. North Vietnam and allies	Vietnam
First Sudanese Civil War	500,000+	1955–1972	Sudan vs. South Sudanese Rebels	Sudan
Congo Crisis	100,000+	1960–1965	DRC, USA, and Belgium vs. Simba and Kwilu Rebels	Congo
Angolan War of Independence	83,000–103,000	1961–1974	Angola vs. Portugal and South Africa	Angola
North Yemen Civil War	100,000–200,000	1962–1970	Kingdom of Yemen and Saudi Arabia vs. Yemen Arab Republic and United Arab Republic	Yemen
Mozambican War of Independence	63,500–88,500	1964–1974	FRELIMO vs. Portugal	Mozambique
Insurgency in Northeast India	25,000+	1964–present	India and allies vs. Insurgent Groups	Northeast India
Colombian conflict	220,000+	1964–present	Colombia and allies vs. Far Left guerillas and Far Right paramilitares	Colombia
Nigerian Civil War	1,000,000–3,000,000	1967–1970	Nigeria vs. Biafra	Nigeria
Moro conflict	120,000+	1969–2019	Philippines vs. Jihadist Groups vs. Bangsamoro	Philippines
Communist rebellion in the Philippines	30,000–43,000	1969–present	Philippines vs. Communist Party of the Philippines	Philippines
Bangladesh Liberation War	300,000–3,000,000+	1971	India and Bangladesh vs. Pakistan	Bangladesh
Ethiopian Civil War	500,000–1,500,000	1974–1991	Derg, PEDR, and Cuba vs. Anti-Communist rebel groups	Ethiopia
Angolan Civil War	504,158+	1975–2002	MPLA vs. UNITA	Angola
Lebanese Civil War	120,000–150,000	1975–1990	Various groups	Lebanon
Insurgency in Laos	100,000+	1975–2007	Laos and Vietnam vs. “Secret army” and Hmong people	Laos
Afghanistan conflict	1,400,000–2,000,000	1978–present	Afghan mujahideen vs URSS then USA	Afghanistan
Kurdish–Turkish conflict	45,000+	1978–present	Turkey vs. KCK	Middle East
Soviet–Afghan War	600,000–2,000,000	1979–1989	Soviet Union and Afghanistan vs. Insurgent groups	Afghanistan
Salvadoran Civil War	70,000–80,000	1979–1992	El Salvador vs. FMLN	El Salvador
Iran–Iraq War	500,000	1980–1988	Iran and allies vs. Iraq and allies	Middle East
Internal conflict in Peru	70,000+	1980–present	Peru vs. PCP-SL and MRTA	Peru
Ugandan Bush War	100,000–500,000	1981–1986	ULNF and Tanzania vs. National Resistance Army	Uganda
Second Sudanese Civil War	1,000,000–2,000,000	1983–2005	Sudan vs. South Sudanese rebels	Sudan
Sri Lankan Civil War	80,000–100,000	1983–2009	Sri Lanka vs. Tamil Tigers	Sri Lanka
Somali Civil War	300,000–500,000	1986–present	Varying Somali governments vs. insurgent groups	Somalia
Lord’s Resistance Army insurgency	100,000–500,000	1987–present	Lord’s Resistance Army vs. Central African states	Central Africa
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict	50,000+	1988–present	Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh Separatist forces and allies vs. Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan
Gulf War	25,500–40,500	1990–1991	Iraq vs. Coalition Forces	Iraq
Algerian Civil War	44,000–200,000	1991–2002	Algeria vs. FIS loyalists vs. GIA	Algeria
Bosnian War	97,000–105,000	1991–1995	Bosnia and Herzegovinian governments and allies vs. Republika Srpska and allies	Bosnia
1991 Iraqi uprisings	85,000–235,000	1991	Iraq vs various rebels	Iraq
Sierra Leone Civil War	50,000–300,000	1991–2002		Sierra Leone
Burundian Civil War	300,000+	1993–2005	Burundi vs. Hutu rebels vs. Tutsi rebels	Burundi
Rwandan genocide	800,000	April–July 1994	Hutu people vs. Tutsi Rebels	Rwanda
First Congo War	250,000–800,000	1996–1997	Zaire and allies vs. AFDL and allies	Congo
Second Congo War	2,500,000–5,400,000	1998–2003		Central Africa
Ituri conflict	60,000+	1999–2003	Lendu Tribe vs. Hemu Tribe and allies	Congo

Modern (2000-present) wars with greater than 25,000 deaths

War	Death range	Date	Combatants	Location
War on terror	272,000–1,260,000	2001–present	Anti-Terrorist Forces vs. Terrorist groups	Worldwide
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)	212,191+	2001–2021		Afghanistan
Iraq War	405,000–654,965	2003–2011	Iraq vs USA	Iraq
War in Darfur	300,000+	2003–present	SRF and allies vs. Sudan and allies vs. UNAMID	Sudan
Kivu Conflict	100,000+	2004–present	see Kivu Conflict	Congo
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa	45,900–79,000	2004–2017	Pakistan, USA, and UK vs. Terrorist groups	Pakistan
Mexican drug war	150,000–250,000	2006–present	Mexico vs. Drug cartels	Mexico
Boko Haram insurgency	350,000+	2009–present	Multinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko Haram	Nigeria
Syrian civil war	499,000–610,000+	2011–present	Syrian Arab Republic vs. Republic of Syria vs. ISIL vs. Syrian Democratic Forces	Syria
Rojava–Islamist conflict	50,000+	2013–present	Syrian Democratic Forces vs. Islamic States of Iraq and Levant vs. al-Nusra Front	Syria
War in Iraq (2013–2017)	195,000–200,000+	2013–2017	Iraq and allies vs. ISIL	Iraq
Yemeni Civil War	377,000+	2014–present	Yemen’s Supreme Political Council vs. Hadi Government, Saudi-led Coalition and the UAE-backed Southern Movement vs Al-Qaeda	Yemen
Russo-Ukrainian War	23,000–200,000	2014–present	Russia vs. Ukraine	Ukraine
Tigray War	300,000–500,000	2020–present	UFEFCF vs. Ethiopian and Eritrean Government	Ethiopia (Tigray, Afar and Amhara Regions)